In this project importance of a project manager in collaborative product development is discussed and the responsibility and role of project manager in collaborative product development is justified. The scenario of a collaborative product development environment without a project manager is discussed. Motivation and significance of the project about collaborative product development is emphasized (Stark, 2015). Theoretical orientation, finding the application of this research project has been discussed. A table of hypothesis, research question and utilization of instrument is created based on this topic.

1.2. Motivations for the research

Collaborative product development environment is about involving project members in process of control, planning and networking them to work in a collaborative way. In this research project, concept of collaborative product development environment has been discussed and the way to improve the system is also discussed.

1.3. The significance of the study

This study on collaborative product development environment signifies that the collaboration of workers, system and management help in creation of innovative and new idea about the business. Collaborative product development team can be benefited from this research project as limitation, ethical consideration; secondary data collection has been done for this research.

1.4. Research question

In case of production, the operational team go with one respective plan for production. However to bring the innovation and raise the production rate the collaborative system is required. On the other hand, a project manager does the same job individually inits respective organization. Hence based on the scenario the research question and objective come that,

Objectives:

● To determine the importance is of a project manager.

● To justify the roles and responsibilities are of project manager in a collaborative system.

● To analyse the scenario will be, without project manager in a collaborative product development.

● To offer appropriate recommendations on product development

Questions

● What is the importance of Project manager system in collaborative product development?

● What are the roles and responsibilities of project manager in collaborative product development?

● What will be the issues raise if there is no project manager in a collaborative system?

● What measure should take by the project manager to enhance the production rate in collaborative system?

● What were the issues rises in a collaborative system before project manager association?

● How the Project manager system is important to collaborative product development?

● What are the roles and responsibilities, a project manager accumulates in the collaborative business environment?

● How does a project manager assist the product rate and minimize the risk factor around project assessment?

Subsection:

● What is collaborative business system?

● How the collaborative system is different than previous business management system?

1.5. Research Design

In this research project on collaborative product development environment post positivism research philosophy has been used because this research philosophy can analyze, gather relevant information to utilize. Deductive research approach was used in this project as deductive research approach can give the chance analyze the collected data and descriptive research design was used in this project. In the collective product development project secondary data collection was used and project data has been collected from different academic journal, book and website.

1.6. Theoretical orientation

In collaborative product development management two types of theory were used which are supply chain management theory and investment ratio theory.

Chain connection between customer and supply is main concept behind supply chain management and supply chain is used in much different industry. Supply chain management is responsible for demand market and market value variation (Restuccia, 2016). It figure out market crisis and then supply information about it to the management level.

Another theory which was used in this collaborative product development was investment ratio theory. Investment is very important in any business and collaboration for investment is based on investment ratio theory. Investment ration theory has both advantage and advantage and main advantage of investment ration theory is shared investment divide the market risk between the two parties. Shared management needs trust, so fraud is the disadvantage.

1.7. Expected findings and applications

This research project helps to find the solution of a management system; collaborative product development environment is useful for different organization to work together. This research project explains collaborative product development environment which is the work process, strategy of business and the collection of software to connect different organization to work together. Literature

1.8 Structure of the thesis

Figure 1.8: structure of thesis

(Source: Self-Developed)

1.9 Conclusion

This research project concluded that collaborative product development environment is a business strategy to collaboratively work with other organization. Post positivism research philosophy was used in this research project and deductive research approach was used. Research design used in this research proposal was descriptive type for this research project. Research used secondary data collection method for this research they used academic book, journal and webpage to complete this project.

Chapter 2:

Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

The main reason behind the business growth is the growth of demand in the market. This demand and supply chain requires high amount of production and service management. Thus to maintain the production and supply chain the base of collaboration between the companies is necessary to be maintained in a proper way.

2.2. Theory

Today the trend of market is about mass production and mass consumption. Hence, for maintaining the long-term production and long-term business the theory of Collaboration has been inducted. This theory of collaboration totally balanced between demand plans and supply plans. However, to reduce few drawbacks of having collaboration system there are several other system has been induced in this production theory. According to Jussila et al. (2019), for the marketing of the collaborated product, the theory of chain management has been induced on the other hand for the production of the collaborated product the project manager system has been induced.

Figure 2.1: A two-sector model of collaborative

Demand-to-supply problem

(Source: iranarze.ir, 2019)

Here in this collaborative model it has shown that the two sectors are equally responsible for collaboration. Here the figure shows that market sync with the market demands the collaboration system is required to satisfy consumer need. In this collaborating business strategy two or more company collaborate to maintain the demand to supply strategy. With the trust of sharing of market plans, production plans, investment two or more companies can come to collaboration. This collaboration runs on the demand and supply strategies and plans. This plans and strategies are based on market statistics. According to Kemei, Oboko, and Kidombo (2018), the data of previous market demand can help to accumulate the idea of upcoming market demand the collaborated companies map their plans of production as,

IN= Investment, SIN= Share of investment by one collaborative company

EN= Earning, SEN= Share of earning by one collaborative company;

Hence;

The overall profit = EN-IN

Profit by the individual collaborative company= SIN-SEN.

In this scenario, the induction of project manager system has been done to maximize this map of demand and supply, and minimize the uncertainty and the risk factors of the market.

A project manager always intends to have beneficial decision for the sake of project and profit.

The "demand and supply" maps and plan are also done by the project manager to have the proper view of market for the production.

2.3. Production management styles:

In the starring of 20th century in the western world the several style of production has been in introduced. As an example, Henry Ford first starts the system of collaboration in the production of ford cars. According to Bishop, Rowland, and Noteboom (2018), from the middle of 20th century the market trend was as if the top management knows a lot the project and gave the instructions. Thus, the operational body move along with the instruction given to them. On the other hand, Hoda and Murugesan (2016) stated that at the end of 20th century the market demand for complex products and innovative ideas has been increased. Therefore, the production houses feel the need of collaboration in the market. On the view of Lensges, Kloppenborg and Forte (2018), these collaboration helps the businessmen bodies to come up with high rate of production as well as it gives the several ideas and options for innovation. The top management is the instructor of production was then being an old concept in production market.

At the starting of 21st century, the whole market was then running on collaborative production concept. On the other hand, Bishop, Rowland, and Noteboom (2018) stated, the advantages of collaboration was high to increase the business but also it has some drawbacks. The companies who collaborated for a certain production seemed to disagreeing on some other products and innovation.

2.3.1. Collaborative system:

Collaboration is a system where the deep level of learning and understanding is required from each company who are collaborating with each other. From the middle of 20th century, the collaborative style of production has been introduced to increase the business and bring the innovation in the products. As the demand and supply ratio has been increased with new strategies, the demand of collaborative system has also increased. According to Noguera, Guerrero-Rold n, and Mas (2018), the collaboration stands for the unity of companies to provide the consumer the best they have. The benefits of the products also divided into the collaborated bodies. The collaboration was stand on the trust of business market strategy sharing, production idea sharing, as well as the investment sharing for the production.

However, this system also has some drawbacks. Any kind of lack or disagreement can cause the breaking of collaboration among the companies. On the views of Lensges, Kloppenborg and Forte (2018), the breaking of collaboration was creating a void of product, which were in demand at that time. Hence, the business strategy developer comes up with a new concept of project manager system in collaborative product development.

2.4. Need of Project manager:

The concept of project manager was old but to use it in the system of collaboration was new. There are several purpose was done by the project manager. According to Reynolds et al. (2018), the successful initiation, planning, design, execution, controlling, and closure of a project with successful monitoring are the jobs done by the project manager. There are several industries around in construction, petrochemical, information technology, different steel and other production industries use this job title of project manager. The project manager plan the production and minimize the market risk, on the views of Zhang, Cao and Wang (2018), to this jobs the project manager required some skills.

A project manager should have the ability to ask the required questions, and drive out the answers as well. A manager should have the idea of assumption about conflict as well as how to resolve it. According to Vald z et al. (2018), the key role of project manager in the collaborative business production is to recognition of risks arising along with the production time durance. For the successful and long-time collaborative production, the companies assign the project manager as responsible person for making decision both in terms of large and small. Therefore, a proposed approach from collaborative bodies has gone through the project manager to analyses. Hence, project manager make sure the risk controlling measures as well as the uncertainty. On the views of Noguera, Guerrero-Rold n, and Mas (2018), a project manager takes the decision directly beneficial to the project of production. The role of the project manager has been included with many activities, as like Activity Planning and Sequencing, Developing Schedules, time and cost estimating, Risk analysis, Team Leadership, as well as Strategic Influencing and Business Partnering in the collaborative filed.

Apart from the boundaries of production, collaboration has been spread to the marketing also. Marketing management also been done through collaborative methods. A Project manager is the one responsible for the project productivity assessment. This research has been inducted with the project manager role in collaboration system. However in the collaboration system the project planning and assessment is done by the respective organization collaboratively. Thus the role of project manager in this system has been researched through this project assessment. This literature review is about the work and ideas, roles and responsibility of a project manager in the system of collaboration.

2.5. Definition of Keywords

The key word which has been used is this literature review those are:

2.5.1 Project Manager:

Project manager are the main head of project and production assessment. They take the project assessment as a goal and use their expertise and skills within the project managing team to done the production (pmi.org 2019). A project manager can work under pressure and comfortably handle the complexity in dynamic environment. A project manager uses the board and the flexible tricks and techniques to solve any problematic area along the project. According to Bishop, Rowland and Noteboom (2018), a project manager documented every task and subtask and monitored the whole assessments. Decision making and specified measures taking is one of the main tasks by the project manager.

2.5.2 Demand and Supply Chain:

Demand and supply chain is the chain of relationship between the supplier (and the manufacturer) and customer. The demand and supply chain go both side from the customer to the supplier and from the customer to the supplier. The information of the product and it requirement and quantity this needs of data flows from the customer to the manufacturer or to the supplier.

Figure 2.5.2: Supply chain flow

(Source: karrierebibel.de, 2019)

However, the product according to the customer demand and pricing is been supplied from the supplier to the customer. According to Hoda and Murugesan (2016), demand and supply chain is the practical formation of value chain and supply chain.

2.5.3 Collaborative System:

At the early of 21st century the market had been demanded innovative and complex kind of production at very high rate from the suppliers and manufacturers. Thus the suppliers and the manufacturers choose the way of collaboration in their production and marketing.

In the collaborative system two or more companies has been coincide with each other with a goal of respective production and marketing. In collaboration method the thing they have collaborated, those are production ideas and business plan along with investment share. However the profit from the business also been distributed among them. On other hand some big and Renaud companies collaborated with small companies for their innovative production and sell the product in the market with the help of own marketing reputation.

2.6. Application of Theories

There are two theories has been inducted in the system of collaboration. These theories are supply chain management theory and the theory of investment ratio. According to Kemei et al. (2018) the whole concept of being collaborated is started with the supply chain management issue. And the system of collaboration is being run on the theory of investment ratio.

2.6.1 Supply chain theory

The supply chain is main the chain between the customer and the supplier. When the product is going from the supplier to customers this is called supply chain. The supply chain has used in several measures of an organization.

2.6.2 Application

Supply chain determines the production management. According to Lensges, Kloppenborg and Forte (2018), the market price and demand of market varies with supply chain management. Supply chain has been investigated to management the work cycle.

Discussion

As per the application requirement supply chain applications has been discussed.

Figure 2.6.2: Supply Chain Management

(Source: karrierebibel.de, 2019)

As per the figure it has seen that supply chain carries the information about the market crisis, thus supply chain management helps the organization to have the production management and the production scale planning. According to Lensges, Kloppenborg and Forte (2018), the quantity of production, the quality of production, the material to be produce every thing's been decided upon the Supply chain management.

Figure 2.6.2 (II): Supply and Demand Graph

(Source: economicsonline.co.uk, 2019)

As per the graph it has seen that at the point of price 60$ and quality amount 500, both the supplier and the consumer is in equilibrium. According to Noguera, Guerrero-Rold n, and Mas (2018), the main application of the supply chain is to help in the maintenance of demand and price. Without this maintenance there will be an issue of price hike in the business market.

The work cycle also inducted as per the supply chain management. According toKemei et al. (2018), the supply management required managed work cycle. Management of men power, management of supply of ores, management of pre-production and after production operation everything is plan along the supply chain theory. On the views of Bishop, Rowland, and Noteboom (2018), these three applications spark the requirement of collaboration among the organization. It is been tough for them to manage supply chain and work cycle along with market balance single handed. Thus the strategy of collaboration is been initiated.

2.6.3 Theory of Investment Ratio

In the business system of collaboration the main area of interest is the investment part. On the views of Zhang et al. (2018), although the management and business ideas are important in the collaboration system, but the collaboration system mainly runs on the shared investment theory.

Application

Here two or more organization has some shared investment upon some project there are producing collaboratively. In the way of doing so they required the investment in that project equally of partially. After having done with business of that collaboration, the production and the share of profit have also been distributed among the collaborated bodies.

Advantages and disadvantages

There are some advantages and disadvantages in this theory application. According to Kemei et al. (2018), the advantage of the shared investment is the market risk of investment is also divided between the parties. The amount of investment is high, in shared business. The resource of investment is also available. On other hand Noguera et al. (2018) stated, there are some disadvantages as well, the collaborative business required trust management among them. Chances of being fraud in the collaborative business also have some high probability.

2.7 Management Styles in Production

2.7.1 Top management production:

In the way of maintaining the demand and the supply chain there are several types of management styles has been inducted through years to achieve the market of business. According to Reynolds et al. (2018), at the ending of 20th century there was a system of top management is the superiors of the production. In this type of system top management decides and plan and the production system and the lower management like the project manager and the other line manager s do as per the top management introduced.

2.7.2 Collaborative management production:

There after the system of collaboration is been induced in the system. According to Vald z et al. .(2018), at the start of 21st century the demand of products were getting high and the innovation was the only thing which solely required to maintain the line of production. Thus the business bodies decide to have the collaborative system in their business. On the views of Bishop et al. (2018), all the top management of an organization shared their business ideas, production planning, man powers as well as they had shared investment in respective production. This new trend in the management and production was highly effective and appreciated by all business bodies.

2.7.3 Project manager management in collaborative system:

After this collaborative system the business bodies were doing well with the market and supply chain management. Zhang et al. (2018), argued that that there was a conflict had been stared between the business among their business ideas and management ideas, here the need of project manager is been sensed by the organization. The project manager is the one who is responsible for the whole project assessment. He does the examination and distinguishes the most favourable project proposal among the collaborative bodies. The project assessment is the goal of a project manages in the collaborative system. The line of work cycle management, the maintenance of supply chain, the documentation of every task and sub task these all things have been done by the project manager. The induction of project manager is been inducted to do the risk assessment also. According to Reynolds et al. (2018) the project manager also does the risk assessment. The market risk assessment and minimizing the risk both these things are done by the project manager.

2.7.4 Systems of Collaboration

Collaborative system is one of those kinds of business which required high understanding among the business partners. According to Kramer and Pfitzer (2016), for the proper collaboration two business parties are required to have trust and knowledge about each other. As the collaborative business requires to shares of business plans, required to share investment mint thus the trust issue among two or more business bodies had been raised several times. On the views of Leroi-Werelds et al.(2017), the trust issues among the competitors business bodies is common factor of risk assessment. The main condition to have the collaboration is to maintain the knowledge business about each other.

The collaboration system is based on four pillars of strategies. According to Leroi-Werelds et al. (2017), modern collaboration has these kinds of strategies to go along with.

2.7.5 Strategic Alliance

It is the most traditional type of collaboration here two or more business bodies combine their strategies of production and investment to bring up something innovative and profitable. As per example, in the middle of 1970s and 1980s there were multinational IT brands like IBM, Microsoft, Apple and computer chip brands like Intel they had a crisis of resources internally. Thus they come up with Alliance collaboration and overcome extreme external goals. The alliance strategy helps the companies to successfully enter into new market. Through this they serve the customer with satisfaction. On other hand alliance strategy reduces the cost of new product and assesses the market risk.

2.7.6 Portfolio

This is also most common types of collaboration. In most of the pharmaceutical companies this kind of portfolio arrangement has been seen. In this collaboration the independent firms are collaborated with one big firm. Here the big firms do the operation of production centralized ways. The independent firms just go with the introduction and resource of the big firm and enhance the rate of production.

Figure 2.7.6: Collaboration system

(Source: Leroi-Werelds et al.2017)

2.7.7 Network

In this type of collaboration business bodies or organization doesn't share their business plans or investment. On the other hand they combine each other research and development plans. This shared goals of research and development come up with innovation in product, service and business strategies. According to Kramer and Pfitzer (2016), this Network collaboration has more uses as a collaboration tool for alliance and portfolio method than a collaboration method itself. As example, network collaboration helps each party to have an idea about each other technological advancement. However a shared research and development plan ensures long term business collaboration.

2.7.8 Ecosystem

Ecosystem is the method of collaboration where innovation is no longer a requirement. Here the collaboration is for business sustainability. According to Kramer and Pfitzer (2016), ecosystem in business is where collaborated parties have the common agenda, and continuous communication. However in this type of collaboration the centralized backbone system is dedicated thus this ecosystem runs on depending each other.

Apart from all this improvement and advancement collaboration system has some drawbacks along with its advancements (dpipwe.tas.gov.au, 2019).

2.8 Benefits and Drawbacks of Collaboration System

In collaborative business the mass production increase the market share for the business bodies. On other hand these increased share values create several issues in the business market like fraud, and blunders with share rate.

Collaborative bodies reduce the production price which has a great impact upon the market of economy of the market. On the other hand, Kramer and Pfitzer (2016), argued that in order to be in the market and have the probability ratio raising business bodies only compromise with their production quality.

Image result for project management collaboration

Figure 2.8: Project management interaction system

(Source: Leroi-Werelds et al.2017)

A good collaborative business combination cost a bit but it ensure the long term profitability in both sides. Leroi-Werelds et al.(2017) argued that some independent firm lost their individuality to maintain collaboration.

Collaboration improves the production quality and brings the innovation the market trends. On other hand sharing each other business plan and product diagrams has a risk of unethical fraud in plagiarize the strategies. However it increases the copy business bodies in the competition as well.

2.9. Roles Justification of Project Manager

The project manager is the one person who is responsible for the whole project scenario. The role of project manager is in every sector of production. According to Kemei et al. (2018), at the earliest of 80s when the top management instruction was running through the whole work cycle, the role of project manager was just to examine the work cycle is going as per the instruction or not. After that when the collaborative system has come the role of project manage goes fade. The production plans were inducted and accumulated by the communication between collaborative parties. On the views of Reynolds et al. (2018), the project manager used to document the whole supply chain, demand chain, and work cycle management for the higher management at that system. The accumulation of workforce, the management and study of demand chain and supply was done by the collaborative project management.

Image result for project management

Figure 2.9: Role of project manager

(Source: Leroi-Werelds et al.2017)

Thereafter a conflict has been arises between the business strategies. According to Kemei et al. (2018) the business bodies are crashing with other with several plans. Although the companies have been collaborated with each other but implementation of own plan were the first priority for each one. On the views of Zhang et al (2018), in this situation of random conflict and competition even among the collaborated system the requirement of project manage is been realized among all. At the starting of 21st century the project manager system has been induction in the system of the collaboration. According to Reynolds et al. (2018) the role and the responsibility of the project manage in the collaborative system is very precious and sincere.

The project manager does the analysis of the project plan by the respective collaborative bodies. Their after the decision making in the choice of project plan has been done by the project manager unbiased in the collaborative system. According to Zhang et al(2018), project manager not only just Azure the project plan for conductance also he manage the work cycle, done documentation of every task and subtask along.

For the marketing assessment project manager done the market study, this market study includes information of recent trends, supply chain, and demand chain algorithms etc. On the views of Bishop et al. (2018), in this process of market study a project manager also has done the risk assessment of the project. The ratio of profitability and the workforce assessment everything is measured and planed by the project manager. For a collaborative system of business assessment a project manager works as anchor between the collaborative bodies.

2.10.Conceptual framework

Figure 2.10: Conceptual framework

(Source: Self-Developed)

The conceptual framework describes about various production management styles thereby the application of different theories like that of supply chain theory and Theory of investment ration forms a foundation part of the this literature review. There are different management styles which are used in production which are collaborative management production and top management production. The application of the theories and the management styles would results in collaborative system in product development environment.

2.11. Literature Gap

This research is emphasized on product development system in collaborative product development environment. The research paper reflects on various theories like that of investment and management style which was not shown by other articles like Zhang et al (2018) and Bishop et al. (2018). Similarly Leroi-Werelds et al.(2017) have only emphasized on project managers thereby ignoring the various management concepts which were associated with project management. This Article has reflected all these concepts which were missing and present them in this article and provided more in-depth knowledge about project management in product development environment.

2.12. Conclusion

At last through this research it has seen that collaborative bodies are the new trend of the market. The high growing market demand and the requirement of the innovation in the product, bring the companies to the stage of collaboration. Every business organization is collaborating with each other in several manner of collaboration. In one hand they are sharing investment and business ideas with each other, on other hand the collaboration has been done with just sharing research and development policies with each other. In both case the innovation has brought to the market. However the conflict of ideas and plans bring the situation which required the project manager in the system of collaboration. As per the data analysis of the research it has seen that project manager ion very important anchor to accumulate the collaborative production. With the help of project manager assistance the collaborative bodies conflicts between plans and ideas has been resolved. The ideas which are most preferable of the production and the market those are undertaken for accomplishment. However risk assessment, market analysis these all task are done by the project manager in the collaborative system.

2.13. Table of Summarization of Articles

Article	Author	year	Major findings
The influence of top management support on the relationship between project manager leadership competencies and ERP system project performance: Findings from Kenya energy sector. International Academic Journal of Innovation, Leadership and Entrepreneurship	Kemei et al.	2018	In this article the research has find that the enterprise resource planning has several impact upon the business data assessment, in global perspective. The enterprise resource planning has an impact upon the collaboration system in planning the critical success factors.
The ecosystem of shared value	Kramer. and Pfitzer	2016	From this article the pillars of collaborative system has been cleared. The four segment of collaboration is classified from this journal. Alliance and portfolio collaboration along with other two tools of collaboration has been discussed in this article.
Understanding Value Creation In Alliance Ecosystems: Enriching The Strategic Alliance Literature With Insights From Marketing.	Leroi-Werelds et al.	2017	In from this journal it has come to light that how the ecosystem of the collaborative system works. The application of ecosystem has been also inducted in this article.
The role of systems thinking in the practice of implementing sustainable development goals	Reynolds et al.	2018	From this article the management system in the collaborative business assessment has been discussed. The role and impact of project manager in the collaborative body is also been discussed in the article.
The mediation role of leadership styles in integrated project collaboration: An emotional intelligence perspective	Zhang et al.	2018	From this article it has seen that how the project manager in the collaborative body maintain his duty. The required leadership quality along with the mentality of project assessment these all thing are cleared in this article.

Chapter 3:

Research methodology

3.1 Research Overview

The overview of the research work is associated strongly with making improvements in project management in the aspects of collaborative project development environment. The market of demand has been growing abruptly. Thus without any innovation in the production it become very hard for the marketer to maintain the demand and supply chain in a rhythm. Hence the in the middle of 20th century the manufacturer and the marketer are decided to come up with a new process of business assessment. That innovation is collaborative business. In collaboration two or several business bodies associate with each other with some investment and bring some new invention to grow the production. However there are several other kinds so collaboration is now in the market recently. In the end of 20th century there seems a problem of conflict has been raised among the collaborative bodies associated to project assessment. Thus to sort this problem business expert has inducted the role of project manager. The project manage monitor the whole project assessment, decided the plan of assessment, keep the record of project action and minimize the risk factor. This research accumulates secondary data and analyses the requirement of a project manages in the collaborative business environment.

3.2 Hypotheses

H1: Project manager system plays an important part in collaborative product development

H0: Project manager system does not play an important part in collaborative product development

H2: Project manager has important role in planning and accumulating production in a collaborative business environment.

H0: Project manager has no important role in planning and accumulating production in a collaborative business environment.

3.3 Research Design Analysis

Summary

Research philosophy	Positivism
Research Approach	Deductive
Research Design	Descriptive
Research Strategy	Secondary data analysis
Data collection method	The data has been collected from several news reports, industrial journals, and electronic journals about business management.
Data sources	Secondary (journals, industrial reports websites and government publications)

Table 3.3: Summary of Research Tool

(Source: Created by researcher)

3.4. Research philosophy

Research philosophy is considered to the way of gathering data for the research and analysing it. However there are three types of research philosophy are used in the research work, are positivism, interpretative and realism. However positivism method has been selected.

Justification of research philosophy:

Using the positivism method of research philosophy, it has been possible for the researcher to obtain factual information. The topic of project manager importance in the collaborative business environment is a matter of real time venture in the business market. Positivism method of research has helped the researcher to accumulate data from the practical market assessment. Hence the researcher had a taste of real logics of business market assessment through this philosophy of research. (Bell et al. 2018, p. 25)

3.5. Research approach

In research work, researcher mainly uses two kinds of research approach. One is inductive method of research approach; another is deductive method of research approach. In inductive method researcher has collected data from certain effective sources and ends up coming in to a finding. On other hand, in deductive method the research collect data from several sources and accumulated them to find research objective through it (Etz and Wagenmakers 2017, p. 10).

Justification of research approach

Here the researcher has used the deductive method to find the answers of research question. Through deductive method the research accumulates several data and analyses it properly. However, the test of hypothesis has been done through deductive method. The research has got a chance of implanting strategy in his research through deductive method. (Bell et al. 2018, p. 26)

3.6. Research design

Research work has been done through three types of research design. Those are exploratory design, Explanatory design, and Descriptive design. Here for this research the research has used descriptive design.

Justification of research design

The project manager role and responsibility in the collaborative business environment is dependent upon several business variables. Thus the Descriptive design of research has been chosen to do the research. It helped the research to have analysis of both independent and dependent variable of data in the collaborative business market. (Bell et al. 2018, p. 27)

3.7. Instrumentation

The research has done the research of project manager importance in the in the collaborative business environment through secondary data analysis.

The research has gone through news report, industrial journals, and business management books from the sources of Google scholar and Proquest

Justification of instrumentation:

The sources from the Google scholar and Proquest are very much authentic. However, the authors are scholars and practitioners from several business management sectors. Thus the resource is collected from there to have authentic data. (Bell et al. 2018, p. 28)

3.8. Secondary data

As the topic of the research was project manager role in the collaborative business environment thus the secondary data has used here are collected on the basis of internal data and external data. The internal data has been collected from several annual reports of collaborative business bodies along with business report.

However the external data of collaborative market has been collected from newspaper and journals of business assessment. (Watts and Casanovas 2018, p. 30)

Hypothesis

Research Questions

Utilization of Instruments

1. Impact of project management system

1.1 Positive impact of project management system in collaborative product development.

1.2 Negative impact of project management system in collaborative product development.

2 Impact of project manager in accumulating production

2.1 Positive impact of project manager on accumulating production.

2.2 Negative impact of project manager on accumulating production.

1. Does project manage important in collaborative product development?

2. What is the significance of project management in collaborative product development

Questionnaires are designed to identify the role of project management in collaborative product development and in accumulating production. In this project data has been collected through secondary data collection method. Researcher used Google scholar and Proquest for secondary data collection.

Google scholar and Proquest both are authentic so researcher collected data from these two sources. Positivism research theory was used and in research approach deductive theory was used. Researcher used descriptive research design for this research on collective product development management.

3.9. Data Collection Method

Here is to collect the data about the analysis. Secondary data collection has been proposed. Secondary method of data collection will help to analysis the market scenario internally and externally.

Figure 3.7: source of Data collection

(Source: iranarze.ir, 2019)

3.9.1. Internal data collection:

The market scenario for the role and importance of a project manager will be cleared from the internal data analysis. The internal data are two types, one is fully processed another is need further analysis. The importance and the role come from the full processed data analysis, on the other hand the scenario of collaborative business bodies without a project manager is analysed with the data, which required further analysis. As example the previous business collaboration and their success and failure news report, these will help to have the internal data, also the persons who are working, as an employee of collaborated organization can be the internal data source.

3.9.2. External data collection:

The external data about any project production or about any collaboration success or failure come from several sources. Whether, it can be Published data, like newspaper, business magazine, and management books. These published sources will help us to have the clear idea about collaboration of organization as well as gives the proper idea about it strategies and approaches. There two other data collection sources, one is electronic database another one is syndicated source. There several data will be collected from internet about the market strategies of collaborative organizations, the stories and incidents of collaboration, marketing plans, project manager details, roles and responsibilities of project managers etc. On the other hand, syndicated source are those research paper, which are created for the market studies will also be implemented as well. Syndicated source will give the quality recommendation and conclusion to the studies.

3.10. Ethical Considerations

As per the privacy act Australia, 1988 the data which has been collected are not used in personal gain. The research and research finding are solely used for academic purpose. (Mayer 2015, p.60)

3.11. Limitations of the Methodology

As the resources are collected from the Google scholar and Proquest some of the data cannot be accessed, due to requirement of paid accessibility. (Padilla-Diaz 2015, p.110)

3.12. Conclusion

As the last it has seems that in this research the researcher has collected data from the secondary method. However he has used positivism as research philosophy, and deductive method for research approach. On other hand, descriptive design of research is used accumulate and strategize the research.

Chapter 4:

Analysis of the Research Data

4.1 Introduction

In this report, the project manager role in a collaborative business environment has been discussed. Collaborative business management is a kind of strategy which was implemented in the market scenario in the middle of the 20th century. The agenda of collaborative business assessment was to bring the velocity in meeting market demand.

At the end of the 20th century, the market of real estate, automobile, etc. faced high demand flow that demand flow cannot be met by any organization individually, thus they required collaborative business management system in their organization. Business bodies synchronized with other business bodies to increase production. As production increased, velocity of service assessment is getting high.

However, in this perfect scenario, business bodies faced some problem too, like at the end of 20th and at start of 21st, they start having ethical issues and management issues. Collaborative Business body starts having conflicts between each other in project assessment task. This concern project assessment problem required a manager to handle the conflicts and minimize any risk assessment in market for the project. From the project manager assessment in a collaborative environment has been induced.

4.2 Collected Data

Here researcher has been used secondary data collection method for research analysis. Howler the data has been collected from several secondary sources.

As the topic of the research is project manager assessment in a collaborative environment, it required both analyses of collaborative business assessment and project manager assessment in a business. For analysis of project manager assessment in business several Journals upon the theme of A project management framework for small- and medium-sized entities , Examining the Performance Level of Project Management has been collected and analysed. As all the data which have been collected is not directly mentioned any conclusion thus by applying a deductive method for analysing these data.

On the hands, understanding the collaborative environment in a business assessment required several data and information about it. The origin of a collaborative system, functionality of it, organizational task assessment through collaborative methods, types of collaboration, everything required specific theme for study. Regarding study of collaborative system several journals on the theme of Multi-level agile project management challenges , and The importance of trust and collaboration between companies has been collected and analysed. Several electronic journals help in the study of classification of a collaborative system. Hence deductive method of data analysis helps to find the necessity and efficiency of collaborative business assessment. As per the research topic, the analyses of product manager culture in collaborative business assessment journals are not enough to analyse it. Thus, electronic sources and news articles are taken to analyse these collaborative systems internally. Through internal analysis with news articles and journals requirement of project manager system in this collaborative system, the role of a project manager all are analysed through it.

4.3 Findings of Research

Findings are the purpose of any research. The finding of this research project manager system in a collaborative environment can be justified through subtopics as follows,

4.3.1 Methods of Collaboration

Theme

Through this research, are a clear idea of a collaborative system has been driven

Analysis and Discussion

From several journals and electronic media, it has been seen that a collaborative system has been started in the market of business in the middle of the 20th century. According to Bishop et al. (2018, p. 10), in the middle of the 20th century there was a crisis of production assessment in industry.

As per the views of Kwofie et al. (2018, p. 14), collaboration between two and more bodies required a ground standard of understanding among them. The agenda of collaborative bodies is to increase the production rate and spread business. As per the views of Misopouloset et al. (2018, p.50), the trusted ground of collaboration is divided into four types of business assessment. First one is Strategic Alliance ; it is the most common tradition way for collaboration. From the business report of several IT brands like IBM, Microsoft, Apple, and computer chip, it has seen that in the middle of 1970 and 1980 they collaborated to each other market sustainability. In strategic alliance collaborative bodies divided their work among them; several parts of task have been assisted by several collaborated parties. Second system of collaboration is Portfolio . According to Bishop (2018), it is a very effective way of collaboration. Through this big organization had done its collaboration with a small organization. This method is very much centralized; larger industries spread their business through Portfolio types of collaboration. Apart from these two, there are Network and Ecosystem these two types of collaborative methods are also in market assessment. According to Tucker et al. (2017, p. 41), a network system is not working as a collaborative method; it actually works as a tool for being collaborated. As collaboration required certain ground of understanding, network collaboration is very helpful ion bring that ground. On other hands in the ecosystem of collaboration, collaborative bodies do not actually collaborate with each other directly, however, business assessment each collaborative body required other help and development.

Findings

From this analysis, it has been seen that collaboration among business bodies can be done in several ways. However, one thing is very common in each way of collaboration that is all collaborative bodies requires the same ground of interest and understanding between each other to do a collaboration.

4.3.2 Requirement of Collaboration

Theme	Here data has been analysed to determine the requirement of collaboration
Analysis and Discussion	To research the project management system in a collaborative business assessment it is very important to analyse the requirement of collaboration in business assessment. Thus, here data which are directly described requirement of the collaborative system are analysed. According to Kemei et al. (2018, p. 45), the collaborative system has come to concern in the middle of the 20th century. Nowadays the trend of business assessment is to do mass production. To maintain contain market demand and supply the demand with proper velocity is the main requirement business assessment. This task cannot be fulfilled by an organization single handily. That is where the requirement of collaboration is induced. According to Mayer (2015), collaborative business assessment increases the investment, enhance the resource assessment, develop project plans and increase the velocity of production. In the middle of the 20th century Henry Ford first induced the collaboration business assessment in automobile sector. As he faced slackness in the business assessment. Fulfilling market demand single handed was getting tough; however, automobile sector required several other automobile parts manufacturing organization assessments for assembling a product. From there now several organizations are now is collaborating. In middle of year 1970 and 1980 Microsoft and Intel these IT and chip manufacturing organization get collaborated for grabbing targeted market. On the views of Hoda and Murugesan (2016, p. 70), the demand of the market is so high nowadays and constant innovation product is only way to have sustainable business thus requirement of collaboration is inhabitable.
Findings	Finding from this research is that Henry ford first induced the collaborative system in business assessment at middle of 20s. Thereafter, several organizations find the way of collaboration is very effective in business assessment. Collaboration required raising a high amount of investment, and high velocity to the production.

4.3.3 Drawbacks of Collaborative System

Theme	Apart from all the benefits and requirement of collaboration, there are some drawbacks of a collaborative system.
Analysis and Discussion	As the market demand required a business organization to the collaborations, also collaboration brings some conflicts in the task assessment plan between collaborative bodies. According to Hoda and Murugesan (2016, p. 10), there are several ethical issues has been seeming in the ways of collaboration like two organization required to have trust between each other to do a collaboration. In collaboration, they share development plan, confidential data, and project assessment plans including investment. Thus ethical break down to success in a business market venture is a very common issue of collaboration. Sometimes any business venture of mother organization failed due to fault of collaborative organization. On the views of Zhang et al. (2018, p. 40), collaboration has the risk of creating competition. Whenever a mother organization collaborated with other subordinate bodies it shares all trade secrets with each other. Thus, it creates a risk of creating future competition. Apart, from all these the main issues in the collaborative business assessment is that collaborative bodies had conflicts for business assessment plan some time. As they had separate approach toward similar job thus, it hampers the workflow of collaboration and creates conflict. According to Marly Mizue Kaibara et al. (2017, p. 78), innovation is one of the primary mottos of collaboration. However, conflicts among the organization sometimes suppress better ideas and chances of innovation.
Findings	Apart from all benefits collaboration has one main problem in a business assessment which is conflicts among the collaborative bodies. This conflict hampered the project assessment plan; suppress innovative ideas of production and marketing. However, collaboration has a risk of sharing confidential data and market position.

4.3.4 Roles and Responsibility of a Project Manager

Theme	Here data has been analysed to determine roles and responsibility project manager.
Analysis and Discussion	At the staring of the 20^th century there was a system of management in the business assessment. Authority and top management plan the project assessment, production line, and marketing plans, etc. According to Mayer (2015, p. 45), a projects manager can Chanel the work pressure to a creative assessment of task, a project manager can use its expertise and skills to develop project assessment (pmi.org, 2019). A project manager can be a leader for the workforce, a project manager have to be a visionary and perfectionist at once. A major responsibility of a project manager is to keep a record of every task and subtask oriented to the project. Organize meeting and discuss every detail of project plan assessment is highly expected from the project manager. On the views of Misopoulos et al. (2018), important steps like decision making and taking specific measures for project assessment is done project manager only. A project manager also minimizes the risk of project assessment. According to Kemei et al. (2018), as a project manager go through every market details and examine the supply chain in a project assessment thus risk assumption for the business is a task of a project manager. On the views of Zhang et al. (2018, p. 12), there are several qualities should be in a project manager those are like, expertise in management, a perfectionist in task assessment, applied intelligence, an expert in documentation, and sharp in market assessment. From the view of Marly Mizue Kaibara et al. (2017, p. 40), it can be realized that project manager required to be a good leader and a visionary also to maintain workforce.
Findings	From this analysis can be seen that a project manager is a very important aspect of task assessment. A business assessment cannot possible without proper leadership. Risk assumption, assessment of risk factor these things are done by the project manager in a business body. However, maintenance of workforce and documentation of every task is purpose project manager s duty.

4.3.5 Project Manager Requirement in a Collaborative Business

Theme	From these data analysis project manager role in collaborative management of a business has been derived.
Analysis and Discussion	At the middle of the 20^th century when the collaborative system has come then the requirement of the managerial system gets faded. According to Hoda and Murugesan (2016, p. 41), at end of the 20th century when issues of conflict had been aroused between the collaborative organizations then the need of project manager is sensed by business bodies. The role of a project manager is very important. The responsibility of project manager in a collaborative business assessment is to minimize the market risk for project, document and look after every production assessment. On the view of Marly Mizue Kaibara et al. (2017, p. 45), a project manager actually selects a project for assessment in the collaborative business assessment. Through this selection method, project manager enhances the efficiency of the project plan and bring proper innovation in the market product. According to Tucker et al. (2017, p. 41), project manager analyses the market details, and examine the supply chain for the business assessment, through this way a project manager lead the organization toward market success. However, it has been seen that the project manager in an organization worked as a selector of a project plan, manager of project assessment, leader of a workforce and minimiser of assumed risk. On the views of Misopoulos et al. (2018, p.20), through examination of project plan, and service line and supply chain a project manager assumed market risk for the project. On other hands, through rectifying production line, and managing plan assessment a project manager minimizes the concerned risk. According to Bishop (2018, p. 40), a project manager worked as the anchor between collaborative bodies. A project manager brings sustainability to a collaborative business.
Findings	It has been derived from the analysis that collaborative bodies have faced conflicts among them in methods of project assessment. Thus, it required a leader to assist them with expertise to select an appropriate project for a task assessment. A project manager has several roles and responsibilities in a collaborative business assessment. Selector of a project plan, record keeper of task assessment, a predictor of risk, minimiser of risk, leader and decision maker theses all role is played by the project manager in the collaborative assessment of business.

4.4 Summary

At last from this data analysis, it has been seen the origin of collaborative business assessment. The requirement of collaboration has been Clearfield with this data analysis. However, the stage of rising conflict between the collaborative bodies has seen in this data analysis also. As a result of this conflict project manager requirement in this system has been seen in this data analysis. From the finding, it has been seen that a project manager can handle the conflict issue of collaborative bodies through its expertise and decision-making skills. A project manager can minimize the assumed risk with proper analysis of the supply chain and also can keep a record of every task which has been assigned for the project assessment.

Chapter 5:

Findings and Conclusion

5.1 Introduction

Finding and conclusion is the ultimate result of research. Research is done to come up with and finding and conclusion. Here the research is about the project manager role and responsibility in a collaborative business assessment has been done. As per the research, there are several research questions has been inducted. A finding of the research helps to derived answer of this questioned. These answers help to bring the project manager assessment in collaborative business assessment. Those questions were about, running process of collaborative business and requirement of a project manager in collaborative business. This research helps to understand this question and come up with a fruitful answer to this question.

5.2 Motivation and Significance of the Thesis

5.2.1 Motivations

The collaborative product development environment is about involving several business bodies along with a mother body business. This assessment has done to bring innovation and enhancement in production. However, the conflict of collaborative bodies and as solution project manager assessment in a collaborative body is the main motivation behind this research.

5.2.2 The significance

Collaboration signifies the advancement of business assessment. This research on collaborative business development also signifies that workers, system and management help in creation of innovative and new idea about the business. Collaborated business is now the new trend of the market. It signifies a step toward future strategies of business assessment.

5.3 Discussion of the Research Questions

What is the importance of Project manager system in collaborative product development?

Collaborative product development is done by a branch of business bodies when accumulated their resources, ideas, and investment all together to meet market criteria. In middle of the 20th century when business bodies faced high market demand then the collaborative business has been come in to trend. However, at the start of the 20th century the collaborative bodies face several issues among them. They start having conflicts with job ideas. Innovation strategies got hampered due to this. According to Stolarska (2016, p. 10), collaborative business bodies required an anchor to do their business. Project manager system is the anchor between collaborative bodies. A project manager uses his expertise and skills to analyse the project plan; a project manager looks after the production line and led the workforce. A project manager system reduces the conflict among collaborative bodies. Market risk analysis and risk reduction measure both thingies are done by a project manager in a collaborative body business. Project manager chooses the best out project plan by the collaborating organizations and also bring innovation in production line.

What are the roles and responsibilities of a project manager in collaborative product development?

Collaborative production is done with a selective plan by collaborative bodies. Production line requires a lot of management in a project assessment. Production plan analysis, 5risk assumption record keeping of task and subtask there are several works has been done by the management authority. These tasks in a collaborative body have been done by the project manager. A project manager has several roles and responsibilities in collaborative product development. As per the research findings, a project manager is a selector of a production plan.

The production plans which are produced by the collaborated bodies those are justified, examined and selected by a project manager to do the product development. On the other hand a project manager does a risk assessment. According to research findings, a project manager analyses the market scenario look after the line of production and assume the production risk. A project manager uses his expertise and skills and management to minimize the risk which has been assumed. Legal orientation and workplace health and safety assessment these things also are done by a project manager in a collaborative business environment. However, a project plays the role of a leader for the workforce as well in a collaborative business environment.

What will be the issues raise if there is no project manager in a collaborative system?

As per the research findings, there are several problems can be raised if there is no project manager system in a collaborative business assessment. As the collaborative business has several methods to do collaboration thus it required high management in each type of collaboration. In Strategic Alliance collaboration there are several production plans has been proposed by each and every collaborated body. However, the strategies of production have been selected by the project manager. Without a project manager there will be a lack of strategies in production line. However, conflicts can be raised among collaborated bodies. In Portfolio collaboration, as there is a mother body organization collaborated with several other subordinate organizations, thus it required a project manager to lead the subordinate bodies. Without a project manager, there are will no leading or guiding instructions for the subordinate bodies. In Network collaboration a project manager is responsible for transferring data from the mother body to collaborated bodies. Without a project manager, the confidentiality of data and information will be at risk. However, Ecosystem collaboration a project manager works as an "Accumulator". Without a project manager in Ecosystem collaboration each collaborated body will have no sync among each other.

What measure should take by the project manager to enhance the production rate in a collaborative system?

There are several task assessment has been done by the project managers in a collaborative body. However, the development of a product should be the sole purpose of a project manager in any scenario of business assessment. As per the research, there are several measures should be taken by the project manager to enhance the production rate.

First of all, a project manager required to a good decision maker in a collaborative business environment. According to Shokory And Suradi (2018, p. 40), a there are several plans for production has been proposed by the collaborated bodies, thus a project manager required to be a good decision maker in case of selecting proper production plan, which can enhance the production rate.

Secondly, a project manager required to be a good leader for the workforce. As the workforce is the main resource for enhancing the production rate, thus it required proper management and visionary leadership.

A project manager should be a record keeper. A record keeping strategy can be very useful in a collaborated business environment. As there are several operations is being done in the production line. Thus to check record of specific things like workforce attendance, supply chain management, and resource availability can enhance rate of production at every time of emergency.

What were the issues rises in a collaborative system before the project manager association?

The collaborative business assessment has come in market trend in middle of the 20th century. However, at start of the 21st century when collaboration business assessment was in the peak of the market there aware several problems had been raised then. As per the research finding those issues are can be reflected as the issues of a collaborative business system before project manager assessment. In Strategic Alliance collaboration, there are conflicts between the collaborated business bodies for project plan. As the collaborated bodies required a high level of understanding and trust ground among them, thus the whole production line is depended upon these aspects. According to Kwofie et al. (2018, p. 20), misunderstanding and conflicts of production plan because the production line hampered. In Portfolio collaboration there is a chance of creating marketing competitions as the subordinate bodies are learning business strategies and trade secrets from mother organization. In Network collaboration there business is associated with others but not in sustainable measures. Bossiness policies were uncertain in network collaboration before project manager assessment. In case of Ecosystem subordinate bodies which are situated around a mother, body organization has no trust ground to do a business assessment before the project manager system. All these issues hampered the development of a product in collaborative business. These issues also cause immense failure of several collaborated bodies.

How the Project manager system is important to collaborative product development?

The collaborative business assessment required strategic measures to have a production plan, a proper plan of risk assumption and risk assessment. With these aspects of management can rectify its production line. Apart from all these, a production line development required for proper leadership and expertise assessment in production plan development. As per the research findings, it can be seen that a collaborative business environment can easily acquire all these measures by including a project manager in their system.

A project manager plays an important role in product development. These expert skills of management, a project manager synchronized the line of production in a collaborative business environment. On other hands a project manager also very important to bring guidance to the teams which are accumulated for the production. A project manager examines production line and does the risk assessment also. A project manager is a very important part among collaborative bodies as an anchor. A project manager Chanel his/her skills and do the decision making stuff to enhance the production rate and increase the profitability of business bodies.

A project manager is required to bring innovation in the products as per the market demand. On other hands, a project manager also had done an important task of record keeping. Keeping every single report of a production line, market demand, supply chain assessment, and workforce attendance are very important in the line of business. Every single specified thing plays a specified role to develop the production line as a whole.

How does a project manager assist the product rate and minimize the risk factor around project assessment?

A project manager uses his expertise and skills to enhance the production rate. As per the finding of research as has been seen that there are several factors are used by the project manager to assume risks around a project. A project manager uses Market analysis to judge the market value of a product. The market examination also derives market demand for a product and availability of resources as well. These aspects help the project manager to come up with a report of supply chain and value chain for the production.

According to Hoda and Murugesan (2016, p.10), a project manager evaluate the production line, thus require workforce and quality of the workforce is also assumed by project manager. Here the recruitment of unnecessary manpower is rectified by a project manager. A project manager examined the types of machinery and the resource s to do the production. Through these aspects, a project manager minimizes workplace hazard and risks. However, a project manager looks after the laws and legislation recommended by the government to do the production. Through these, a project manager minimizes unwanted risks in line of production, like a project manager follows, equipment laws, emplacement laws in the assessment of production.

5.4 The Contributions of This Study

As the business assessment is main part of society thus this study has high contributions in social study business assessment. Through this study business collaboration became understandable, on other hands the issues of collaboration and assessment of business through collaboration has been evaluated in this study. This research has done an excellent job in identifying roles and responsibilities of project manager. The process of project manager system in a collaborative business environment has been reflected through this study. This study has a contribution to evaluation of project manager system.

5.5 Future Research and Limitations of the study

Due to some non-accessible sources which required paid registration, some of the segment of this research has some fewer examples. However, the data has been analysed through several secondary data of recent time. On other hands, as this study is only for academic purpose thus it has less scenario assessment on basis of practical industry.

Future research can be done in the improvement of project manager skills. Although it has seen that a project manager required several skills to work in a collaborative organization thus development of skills is inhabitable.

Bibliography:

Bell, E, Bryman, A & Harley, B 2018, Business research methods, Oxford university press, Oxford, UK.

Bishop, D., Rowland, P., and Noteboom, C 2018, Antecedents of Preference for Agile Methods: A Project Manager Perspective. vol 10, no 2, pp. 200-410.

Bishop, W.A., 2018. A project management framework for small- and medium-sized entities: Accounting software implementation. Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences, vol.11, no.1,.

Etz, A. and Wagenmakers, E.J., 2017. JBS Haldane s contribution to the Bayes factor hypothesis test. Statistical Science, Vol 32, no 2, pp.313-329..

Hoda, R., and Murugesan, LK 2016, Multi-level agile project management challenges: A self-organizing team perspective. Journal of Systems and Software, vol. 117, pp. 245-257.

Jussila, J., Sillanp , V., Lehtonen, T., Helander, N., and Frank, L 2019, January, An activity theory perspective on creating a new digital government service in Finland. In Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

Kemei, D., Oboko, R., and Kidombo, H 2018, The influence of top management support on the relationship between project manager leadership competencies and ERP system project performance: Findings from Kenya energy sector. International Academic Journal of Innovation, Leadership and Entrepreneurship, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 195-210.

Kramer, MR. and Pfitzer, MW 2016, The ecosystem of shared value. Harvard Business Review, vol. 94, no. 10, pp.80-89.

Kwofie, T.E., Botchway, E.A. and Amos-Abanyie, S., 2018. Examining the Performance Level of Project Management Competencies of Architects in Ghana Using Gap Analysis Approach. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, vol.23, no.1, pp. 125-147.

Lensges, ML., Kloppenborg, TJ., and Forte, F 2018, Identifying Key Agile Behaviors That Enhance Traditional Project Management Methodology. Journal of Strategic Innovation & Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 2

Leroi-Werelds, S., Pop, O. and Roijakkers, N 2017. Understanding Value Creation in Alliance Ecosystems: Enriching the Strategic Alliance Literature with Insights from Marketing.

Marly Mizue Kaibara, D.A., Silva Marins, F.A., Andr ia Maria, P.S., Almada Santos, F.C. and DA Silva, S.L., 2017. The importance of trust and collaboration between companies to mitigate the bullwhip effect in supply chain management. Acta Scientiarum.Technology, vol.39, no.2, pp. 201-210.

Mayer, I., 2015. Qualitative research with a focus on qualitative data analysis. International Journal of Sales, Retailing & Marketing, vol.4, no.9, pp.53-67.

Misopoulos, F., Michaelides, R., Salehuddin, M.A., Manthou, V. and Michaelides, Z., 2018. Addressing Organisational Pressures as Drivers towards Sustainability in Manufacturing Projects and Project Management Methodologies. Sustainability, vol.10, no.6,.

Noguera, I., Guerrero-Rold n, AE., and Mas , R 2018, Collaborative agile learning in online environments: Strategies for improving team regulation and project management. Computers & Education, 116, pp. 110-129.

Padilla-D az, M., 2015. Phenomenology in educational qualitative research: Philosophy as science or philosophical science. International Journal of Educational Excellence, vol.1, no.2, pp.101-110.

Reynolds, M., Blackmore, C., Ison, R., Shah, R., and Wedlock, E 2018, The role of systems thinking in the practice of implementing sustainable development goals. In Handbook of Sustainability Science and Research (pp. 677-698).Springer, Cham.

Shokory, S.M. And Suradi, N.R.M., 2018. Transformational Leadership And Its Impact On Extra-Role Performance Of Project Team Members: The Mediating Role Of Work Engagement. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, vol.17,no.5, pp. 1-6.

Stolarska, A., 2016. The Role Of The Director In Project Team Management. Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici.Nauki Humanistyczno-Spoleczne.Zarzadzanie, vol.43, no.2, Pp. 103-111.

Tucker, M.P., Masuri, M.R.A. and Cotgrave, A., 2017. Critical strategic issues for the integration of facilities management into the development process. Property Management, vol.35, no.4, pp. 380-393.

Vald z, JLC., Contreras, GAV., Medina, HF., and Gonz lez, AHG 2018, The Role of the Collaborative Integrated Model (MDSIC) in Agile Software Development-Case Study and Practical Advice. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, vol.14, no.6

Watts, D. and Casanovas, P., 2018. Privacy and Data Protection in Australia: a Critical overview.

Zhang, L., Cao, T., and Wang, Y 2018, The mediation role of leadership styles in integrated project collaboration: An emotional intelligence perspective. International Journal of Project Management, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 317-330.

Website:

bsr.org 2019, How We Work Collaboration, Viewed 19th March 2019 <https://www.bsr.org/en/collaboration>

dpipwe.tas.gov.au 2019, Collaborative Business Models, Viewed 19th March 2019 <https://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/Collaborative-Business-Models.pdf>

hbr.org, 2016. The Ecosystem of Shared Value, Viewed 19th March 2019 <https://hbr.org/2016/10/the-ecosystem-of-shared-value>

ORDER NOW

Choose Files (Total size must be less than 20MB):

Your Offer Price :

Please Verify Captcha